CONTROLS AND SYSTEMS

Siemens PLC Programming This chapter covers the following topics ( Modular Programming , Program Blocks , CPU Memory, Data Types ). Modular Programming linear program A PLC executes its program in a cyclic manner referred to as a scan. A PLC program can be organized as a linear program or a modular program. As shown on the left in the graphic a linear program has all the instructions in one block and executes these instructions in sequence in each PLC scan. A linear program works well when the program is simple and does not need to vary from one PLC scan to another. As shown on the right in the graphic a modular program is composed of multiple program blocks. Some program blocks are executed in each PLC scan and other program blocks are executed under special circumstances such as during startup at specific times when a special process event occurs or when an error or interrupt occurs. An interrupt is a special signal or condition that causes a PLC to immediately perform a specific tas

Siemens PLC Programming This chapter covers the following topics ( Ladder diagram programming ,  Bit Logic Instructions ,  Power Flow ,  Contact and Coil Instructions  ) Ladder Diagram Programming Ladder diagram programming (LAD) also called ladder logic is a graphical programming language derived from the diagrams used for electromechanical control circuits and expanded to include more advanced capabilities. Ladder diagram The graphic shows two completed LAD networks and one network yet to be programmed. The networks are numbered beginning with the top network (network 1). Because networks resemble the logic of a ladder a network is sometimes referred to a rung.  As the CPU executes the user program it scans each network from left to right beginning with the instructions closest to the power rail which is the vertical line shown on the left in each network. Bit Logic Instructions One of the ways that PLC'S use binary bits is to represent the on or off condition of inputs and outpu

In This Article we discussing about HMI Design Methods and Tips , this article is useful for PLC Automation Engineers and PLC Design Engineers.  HMI Design Unit 1 -  Rethinking HMI Design Rethinking HMI Design HMI Design Masterclass handout Design is more than meets the eye.  The first step on the road to better HMI design is to take a step back and get a new perspective one that sees design as a fusion of form and function.  We want to show why HMI design is more craft than art and why the focus needs to be on the user.  And although Rome wasn’t built in a day, we are certain that putting the right methods and processes into practice will help you build a better HMI design more efficiently. Design Tips 1. See design as a fusion of form and function, communicate it accordingly. Good design creates added value, supports operations, saves time, and reduces errors. 2. Design is not an art but a craft. You can sum up the essence of good design in a few rules and principles that you can lea

PLANT OPERATION Humidification Plant Air Washer Pump ,  Ducts and Trenches ,  Plant Location ,  Exhaust Air System , Fresh Air System Air Washer Pump Automatic Pump operation ON/OFF. Spray water pressure should be  2 to 3 kg/cm 2. Use softened water. Air washer efficiency should be maintained at 95%. Air washer efficiency Spray water pressure Automatic Water Control Corrosion of machine may take place with water having high and chloride contents. Deposition of fine dust on machines may take place with water having mineral (salt) contents. Corrosion of Humidification and Air Conditioning equipment's could take place with Low pH values. Scale formation of Humidification equipment's occurs with high contents of Calcium and Magnesium in water. Air washer efficiency deteriorates with high contents of certain minerals and chlorides in the water due to poor evaporation of spray water. Air washer efficiency  Air Water Efficiency formula: n = DBb – Dba      ➖ ➖ ➖ ➖     x 100         DBb

Siemens PLC Programming This chapter covers the following topics ( AND, OR, and Exclusive OR (XOR) Instructions ,  Inversion ,  Instructions that Set and Reset Bits ,  Additional Ladder Diagram Instructions  ) AND, OR, and Exclusive OR (XOR) Instructions LAD programs incorporate configurations of instructions that represent logical conditions derived from the Boolean logic used to design computer circuits. Some of the most common Boolean logic functions are the AND, OR, and Exclusive OR (XOR) functions. For example the network in the graphic is an AND function. PLC Ladder Logic For this network as the associated truth table shows the only condition that causes the output coil to turn on and the Q3.2 status bit to be set to 1 is when the I2.4 and I3.5 status bits are both 1. In other words when the status bits for both normally open contact instructions are 1's both contacts will be closed and there will be power flow to the output coil instruction. When normally open contact instru

   In This chapter we discuss about Number Systems (Decimal Number , Binary Number , Octal Number , Hexadecimal Number , BCD ) overviews. Numbers, Codes, and Data Types Chapter - 8 PLC'S connect to a wide variety of devices, some of which use variable voltage and current values. Internally, however, PLC'S use signals that are either off or on. ON and OFF SWITCH These off and on signals correspond to binary values 0 and 1. A binary 0, also called logic 0, can be used to indicate that an input or output is off and a binary 1, also called logic 1, can be used to indicate that an input or output is on. Consecutive binary bits are also grouped in lengths ranging from a byte to a double word to represent various types of information. double word For example, a group of consecutive bits, sometimes called a bit string, may represent a numerical value in various number systems such as Binary, Octal Decimal, and Hexadecimal. Because a bit string can represent many things, it must be assi

In This Article we are going to see DIRECT MARKETING PART -2 Monetization of Content Marketing The different ways in which the contents can be effectively monetized are outlined as follows. Monetization First Free, then Gamble One of the effective strategies that is undertaken by the content marketers is to focus on the generation of free contents at the initial stage and subsequently gamble for gaining an effective revenue associated to such.  Generation of free contents at the initial stage actively helps in gaining a larger viewership base and thereby contributes in popularizing the website and SEO Article. Direct Selling Approach The Direct Selling approach gains significance associated with the development of e-commerce platforms for transacting online regarding the sales of goods and services is considered feasible in that the same helps in monetizing on the viral product/service contents.  Netflix suffered from needed growth regarding the selling of viral contents in that the sa

  In This chapter we discuss about Siemens S7 PLC'S ( Analog Inputs , Analog Outputs , Signal Modules Status Indicators ,  and Power Supplies ) devices overview . Analog Inputs Chapter -14 4 channel Analog input signal Module An analog input signal is generated by a sensor that provides voltage or current that can vary within a range such as 0 to 10 volts or 4 to 20 milliamps. An analog input signal module converts the current or voltage to a binary value that the CPU stores for use in the user program. The number of bits in the binary value is referred to as the channel resolution. The more bits the greater the number of values that can be represented. The resolution available depends on the module. For example , the accompanying graphic shows a signal module with a channel resolution of either 13 bits or 16 bits depending on the module version. Temperature measurement is an example of an application that requires special signal processing. Two types of sensors commonly used to me